Control effectiveness

Security and governance

Having access and having authority to use it are related—but not always the same.

01

Approval and ownership

Every material entitlement needs a business owner, an approval rule and a traceable source of authority. Technical administration should not silently become business approval.

02

Expiry, review and revocation

Temporary authority should end by design. Standing authority needs review. Changed relationships, risk or policy must support prompt revocation.

03

Separation of duties

Policy should prevent one person from requesting, approving and exercising incompatible authority without independent oversight. Exceptions require an owner, reason and expiry.

04

Evidence and audit

Record the request, policy result, approver, scope, activation, use, review and closure needed to reconstruct why access existed. Avoid collecting unrelated personal data.

05

Privileged guardrails

High-risk administration can require stronger authentication, narrower scope, just-in-time activation, session controls, monitoring and human approval. Controls must match platform capability and risk.

Apply the model

Make authority explicit.

Start with the business action, accountable owner, current entitlement and platform control surface.

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